KURSUS DAN PELATIHAN BAHASA INGGRIS
YAYASAN HMF
UNTUK MASYARAKAT MISKIN PEDESAAN
DIBUAT OLEH:
KETUA LPAT
: AGUSTIAN AMBARI, A.Md
ALAMAT
: JL. STASIUN PENINJAUAN
DESA MENDALA KEC. PENINJAUAN
HP :
0813 73939993
MATERI PENDIDIKAN KURSUS DAN KETERAMPILAN
BAHASA INGGRIS UNTUK MASYARAKAT MISKIN PEDESAAN
ADDITION LESSON :
ALPHABET :
Alphabet :
|
Spelling :
|
Alphabet :
|
Spelling :
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
|
ei
bi:
si:
di:
I:
ef
d i:
eit
ai
d ei
kei
em
el
|
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
|
en
ou
pi:
kju:
a: (r)
es
ti:
zed
vi:
d blju
eks
wai
ju:
|
KATA GANTI UNTUK :
-yes / no question
I (saya) - You (kamu)
You - I
We
(kami) - You
(kalian)
You - We
They - They
She - She
He - He
It -
It
Anton - He
Susi - She
Dog - It
Anton
& Tuti - They
Anton
& I - We
Friends - They
Example
:
a. Is
Anton being ill ?
Yes, He is
No, He isn’t
PERSONAL PRONOUN :
Golongan I:
|
Golongan II:
|
Golongan III:
|
Golongan IV:
|
Meaning:
|
I
You
We
They
She
He
It
|
My
Your
Our
Their
Her
His
Its
|
Me
You
Us
Them
Her
Him
It
|
Mine
Yours
Ours
Theirs
Hers
His
Its
|
Saya
Kamu
Kami
Mereka
Dia (lk)
Dia (Pr)
Dia (selain orang)
|
PENGGUNAANNYA :
A.
Golongan I :
- berfungsi sebagai subject (pokok kalimat).
Rumus
:
|
Example
:
a. Saya pergi.
 |
I go.
b. Dia
(pr) adalah seorang guru.
She
is a teacher.
B.
Golongan II
:
-
berfungsi sebagai possessive
adjective (menyatakan milik).
Rumus :
|
Example :
a.
Buku saya.
Buku saya.
My book
b. Penanya (pr).
Her pen
C.
Golongan III
:
-
berfungsi sebagai objek (penderita).
Rumus :
|
Example
:
a.
Lihat saya.
Look at me.
b.
Anton melihat saya.
Anton melihat saya.
Anton
look at me.
D.
Golongan IV
:
-
berfungsi sebagai possessive pronouns (kata ganti
milik).
-
Berfungsi untuk menghindari pengulangan kata.
Example
:
a.
Itu adalah penamu,
tetapi ini adalah penaku.
That is
your pen, but this is my pen.
menjadi;
That is
your pen, but this is mine.
PERATURAN PENAMBAHAN –s / -es :
A. REGULAR :
-
Apabila kata
kerja atau kata benda berakhiran dengan huruf :
- -s,-sh,-ch,-x,-o, dan -z, maka langsung + -es.
- -f,-ef, maka dirubah menjadi -v kemudian + -es.
- –y, maka + -es.
- –y, tetapi sebelumnya didahului dengan huruf vocal, maka + -s.
- Diluar peraturan diatas, maka langsung + -s.
Example :
a. Hero - Heroes (para pahlawan)
b. Knife - Knives
(pisau-pisau)
c. study - studies (belajar)
d.
valley - valleys (lembah-lembah)
e. climb - climbs (memanjat)
Note :
1.
Noun + -s / -es (berarti bendanya banyak)
2.Verb + -s / -es (berarti subjectnya tunggal)
B. IRREGULAR
Singular :
|
Plural :
|
Meaning
:
|
Child
People
Goose
Ox
Mouse
Etc.
|
Children
People
Geese
Oxen
Mice
|
Anak-anak
Orang
Angsa
sapi
Tikus
|
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN:
A.
COUNTABLE
NOUN :
-
adalah kata benda yang bisa dihitung seperti : sebuah,
seorang, sepotong etc.
-
kata benda ini hanya bisa di ungkapkan oleh artikel a / an.
I.
Artikel “a”:
-
diungkapkan
didepan huruf yang berpangkal konsonan (huruf mati).
Example :
a. a book (sebuah buku)
b. a pen (sebuah pena)
II.
Artikel “an”:
-
diungkapkan
didepan huruf yang vokal (huruf hidup).
Example :
a. an apple (sebuah apel)
b. an orange (sebuah jeruk)
B.
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUN :
-
adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat di hitung.
-
Kata benda ini hanya bisa dihubungkan dengan : some (sejumlah), much (banyak), little
(sedikit), etc.
Example
:
a.
Do you have some
money ?
[
Apakah anda punya sejumlah uang ?]
b.
I have much
money.
[ Saya
punya banyak uang ]
c.
I just have a little
money.
[ Aku
punya sedikit uang ]
CHAPTER 1
I.
AUXILIARIES
:
ÿ
- Yang dimaksud dengan auxiliary adalah kata kerja bantu.
- Macam-macam
auxiliary :
Present
|
Past
|
Meaning
|
||
Positive
|
Negative
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
|
am
are
is
must
can
may
shall
will
do
does
have
has
ought to
used to
dare
need
|
am not
aren’t
isn’t
mustn’t
can’t
mayn’t
shan’t
won’t
don’t
doesn’t
haven’t/
hasn’t
aughtn’t to
.. not used to
daren’t
needn’t
|
was,
were
was
had to
could
might
should
would
did
did
had
had
ought to
used to
dare
need
|
wasn’t
weren’t
wasn’t
hadn’t to
couldn’t
mightn’t
shouldn’t
wouldn’t
didn’t
didn’t
hadn’t
haddn’t
oughtn’t to
.. not used to
daren’t
needn’t
|
-
-
-
harus
bisa
boleh
akan
akan
-
-
telah
telah
seharusnya
perlu
berani
dulunya
|
Penggunaannya :
1.
selalu terletak dibelakang subject.]
2.
membatalkan penambahan akhiran –s/-es pada kata kerja.
(see. Chapter IV)
3.
merubah auxiliary “to
be “ (am, are, is) menjadi ----
“be” bila bertemu dengan auxiliary
yang lainnya.
Example :
a. Dia
(pr) bisa berbicara bahasa inggris.
She can
speak English.
b. Dia
(pr) berbicara bahasa inggris.
She
speaks English.
Menjadi
:
Dia
(pr) bisa berbicara bahasa inggris.
She can speak_English.
c. Dia
(pr) sakit.
She is ill.
Menjadi :
Dia (pr) akan sakit.
She will be sick.
Note of chapter I :
Note :
-
Rumus diatas digunakan jika didalam kalimat ada kata
kerjanya.
-
Jika tidak ada kata kerjanya maka tambahkan “Be” didepan Non
Verb.
Example
:
a.
Tono bisa
berenang.
Tono
can swim.
b. Bisakah Tono berenang ?
Can Tono
Swim ?
c. Tono tidak bisa berenang.
Tono can not
swim
d. Bisakah Tono tidak berenang ?
Can Tono not swim ?
Tidak bisakah Tono berenang ?
Can’t
Tono swim ?
e. Ya.
Yes, he can
Tidak.
No, he can not
CHAPTER 2
I. Penggunaan “Auxiliary To Be
“ ( am, are, is ) :
F -
Yang dimaksud dengan ”verb to be”
adalah ( am, are, is ).
-
digunakan bila didalam kalimat tidak ada kata kerjanya.
Rumus :
|
I
am She
is
You are He
is
We are It
is
They
are (
Singular )
(
Plural )
Example :
a.
Saya adalah seorang siswa.
I
am a student.
b.
Kamu adalah temanku.
You
are my friend.
c.
Dia (pr) cantik.
She
is beautiful.
Note
:
- dalam bentuk Past Tense “ to
be “ akan berubah menjadi :
am, is - was
are - were
Example :
a.
Kemarin, Susi sakit perut.
Yesterday,
Susi was stomach ache.
b.
Apakah anda tidak bingung tadi ?
Were you not upset just now ?
Note
of chapter II :
 |
Example
:
a.
Dia (pr) adalah guru saya.
She
is my teacher.
b.
Apakah dia (pr) guru saya ?
Is she my teacher ?
c.
Dia (pr) bukan guru saya.
She is not my teacher.
d.
Apakah dia (pr) bukan guru saya ?
Is she not my teacher ?
Bukankah
dia (pr) guru saya ?
Isn’t
she my teacher ?
e.
Ya.
Yes,
she is
Tidak
No,
she isn’t
CHAPTER 3
I.
Penggunaan
Auxiliary “Do” :
F Pada
bab ini kata kerjanya (verb) tidak mengalami perubahan.
Rumus
:
|
I
You
We
They
(
Plural )
Example :
a. Saya belajar bahasa inggris.
I
study English.
b.
Ayahku dan ibuku menonton TV.
My
father and my mother watch on TV.
c.
Mereka mengejar
kami.
They
run after us.
d.
Adik-adikku meunggu saya.
My
younger brothers wait for me.
e.
Kami mengundang mereka.
We
invite them.
f.
Teman-temanku mengganggu ku.
My
friends disturb me.
g.
Pamannya(pr) dan bibinya(pr) datang ke rumahnya(pr).
Her
uncle and her aunt come to her
house.
Note of chapter III :
 |
Example :
a. Mereka mengundang kami.
They invite
us.
b. Apakah mereka mengundang kami ?
Do they invite us ?
c.
Mereka tidak
mengundang kami.
They do not
invite us.
d. Apakah mereka tidak mengundang kami ?
Do they not
invite us ?
Tidakkah mereka mengundang kami ?
Don’t they invite us ?
e.
Ya.
Yes, they do.
Tidak.
No, they don’t.
CHAPTER 4
I. Penggunaan auxiliary “Does”:
F- Pada bab ini kata kerjanya megalami perubahan.
Yakni, mengalami penambahan akhiran –s
/ -es.
Rumus :
|
She
He
It
(Singular)
Example :
a. Dia (pr) memanggil kami.
She calls
us.
b. Pamanku mengunjungi kami.
My uncle visites
us.
c.
Anjing itu
mengejar nya(pr).
That dog runs
after her.
d. Susan menyanyikan sebuah lagu.
Susan sings
a song.
e.
Anton meminjam
buku saya.
Anton borrows
my book.
f.
Adik(lk)ku
mununggu ibuku.
My younger sister waits
for my mother.
g.
Ayahku membaca
koran itu.
My father reads
that newspaper.
Note of
chapter IV :
 |
Example :
a.
Dia(lk) belajar
bahasa inggris.
He studies
English.
b.
Apakah dia(lk)
belajar bahasa inggeris ?
Does he study English ?
c.
Dia(lk) tidak
belajar bahasa inggris .
He doesn’t
study English.
d.
Apakah dia(pr)
tidak belajar bahasa inggris ?
Does he not
study English ?
Tidakkah dia(lk) belajar bahasa inggris ?
Doesn’t he study English ?
e.
Ya.
Yes, he does.
Tidak.
No. he doesn’t.
CHAPTER 5
I. Progressive/Continuous Tense :
-
menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung, baik
pada masa lampau, sekarang, maupun masa
yang akan datang.
Peraturan penanbahan akhiran -ing :
- apabila
kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf :
1.
-e maka
langsung dirubah menjadi -ing.
2.
-ie maka
dirubah menjadi -y, kemudian + -ing.
3.
Single konsonan, tetapi sebelumnya didahului oleh
single vocal, maka konsonannya di double-kan kemudian baru + -ing.
4.
Diluar peraturan diatas maka langsung + -ing.
Example
:
a. make - making
b. lie - lying
c. sit - sitting
d. walk - walking
e. shorten - shortening
Exception :
a. begin - beginning
b. permit - permitting
etc.
(konsonannya
di double-kan karena penekanannya pada akhir suku kata).
I. Present Continuous Tense :
-
menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang
berlangsung pada masa sekarang.
Rumus
:
|
Example
:
a.
Saya sedang belajar bahasa inggris.
I
am studying English.
b.
Ibuku sedang sakit.
My
mother is being ill.
Note :
1.
Dalam bentuk Past
Tense, kita rubah To Be (am,are,is)
menjadi :
Am - was
Is - was
Are - were
2.
Dalam bentuk Future
Tense, kita tambahkan:
a. shall/will (Present Future
Tense)
b. should/would (Past
Future Tense)
Example :
1.a. Kemarin,
kami sedang pergi kesana.
Yesterday,
we were going there.
b. Anton sedang sakit perut semalam.
Anton was
being stomach ache last night.
2.a. Kami sedang akan (berencana) pergi kesana
besok.
We shall
be going there tomorrow.
b. Orangtuaku
sedang akan (berencana)
mengunjungiku minggu depan.
My parents will be visiting me next week.
c.
Waktu itu, ayahku sedang akan (berencana)
datang ke rumahnya(lk).
At that time, my father would be coming to
his house.
d.
Kemarin, kami sedang akan (berencana)
meminjam bukumu.
Yesterday, we should be borrowing your
book.
Note of chapter V :
 |
Example
:
a.
Dia(pr) sedang belajar bahasa inggris.
She
is studying English.
b.
Apakah dia(pr) sedang belajar bahasa
inggris ?
Is she studying English ?
c. Dia(pr) tidak sedang belajar bahasa inggris.
She
isn’t studying English.
d. Apakah
dia(pr) tidak sedang belajar bahasa inggris ?
Is
she not studying English ?
Tidakkah dia(pr)
sedang belajar bahasa inggris ?
Isn’t she studying
English ?
e. Ya.
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
CHAPTER 6
I.
Peraturan
perubahan bentuk Past (lampau) pada kata kerja :
A. Regular (teratur) :
-
Verb yang berakhiran dengan huruf :
1. -e maka langsung dirubah menjadi –ed.
2. -y
maka dirubah menjadi –i, kemudian baru + -ed.
3.
Diluar peraturan diatas, maka langsung + -ed.
Example
:
a. save -saved
b. study -studied
c. walk -walked
B. Irregular (tidak beraturan) :
Verb.I
|
Verb.II
|
Verb.III
|
Meaning :
|
arise
awake
be(am,are,is)
bear
beat
become
begin
behold
bend
bet
bid
bite
bind
bleed
blow
break
breed
bring
build
burn
burst
buy
cast
catch
choose
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
fell
fight
find
flee
fling
fly
forbide
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
knit
know
lay
lead
let
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
lie
light
lose
make
may
mean
mistake
mow
must
ought
overcome
overtake
partake
pay
put
read
rend
rid
ride
ring
rise
run
saw
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shall
shear
shed
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
slide
smeel
sling
slink
slit
smite
sow
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strew
stride
string
strive
swear
sweat
sweep
sweel
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
thrive
throw
thrust
tread
understand
wake
wear
weave
weep
will
win
wind
withdraw
withstand
withhold
wring
write
|
arose
awoke
were/was
bore
beat
became
began
beheld
bent
bet
bid/bade
bit
bound
bled
blow
broke
bred
brought
built
burnt
burst
bought
cast
cought
chose
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
forsoke
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
knew
laid
led
let
leant
leapt/leaped
learnt/learned
left
lent
lay
lit/lighted
lost
made
might
meant
mistook
mowed
must
ought
overcame
overtook
partook
paid
put
read
rent
rid
rode
rang
rose
run
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shoke
should
sheared
shed
shone
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
smelt
slang
slunk
slit
smote
sowe
spoke
sped
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
strewed
strode
strung
strove
swore
sweat/sweated
swept
swilled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
throve
threw
thrust
trod
understood
woke/waked
wore
wove
wept
would
won
wound
withdrew
withstood
withheld
wrung
wrote
|
arisen
awoke
been
born
beaten
become
begun
behold
bent
bet
bid/bade
bit
bound
bled
blown
broken
bred
bought
built
burnt
burst
brought
cast
cought
chosen
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did/done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
gotten
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt/kneeled
knit/knitted
known
laid
led
let
learnt
leapt/leaped
earnt/learned
left
lent
lain
lit/lighted
lost
made
(been allowed
meant
mistaken
mowed
(been obligated)
-
overcome
overtaken
partaken
paid
put
read
rent
rid
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawed/sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed/sewn
shaken
-
shor
shed
shone
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slaid
slept
slid
smelt
slung
slunk
slit
smitten
sowed/sown
spoken
sped
spelt/spelled
spent
spilt/spilled
spun
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewed/strewn
stridden
strung
striven
sworn
sweat/sweated
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thriven
thrawn
thrust
trodden
understood
wake/waked
worn
woven
wept
(been willing)
won
wound
withdrawn
withstood
withheld
wrung
written
|
timbul/bangkit
bangun
ada
melahirkan
memukul
menjadi
mulai
melihat-lihat
membengkokkan
bertaruh
minta
mengikat
menggigi
melukai
meniup/bertiup
mematahkan/merusak
membiakkan
membawa
membangun
membakar
meledakkan
membeli
melemparkan
menangkap
memilih
datang
berharga
merangkak
memotong
berurusan
menggali
melakukan
menggambar/menarik
bermimpi
minum
mengendarai
menghuni/tinggal
makan
jatuh
memberi makan
merasakan
berkelahi
menemukan
melarikan diri
membuang
terbang
melarang
lupa
memaafkan
mengabaikan
membekuka
memperoleh
memberi
pergi
menggiling
tumbuh
menggantungkan
mempunyai
mendengar
bersembunyi
memukul
memegang/memeluk
menyakiti
menjaga
berlutut
mengernyit
mengetahui
bertelur/meletakkan
memimpin
membiarkan
bersandar
meloncat
belajar
meninggalkan
meminjami
berbohong
menyalakan
hilang/kalah
membuat
boleh
berarti/bermaksud
harus
merumput
membuat kesalahan
seharusnya
mengatasi
menyusul/mengejar
ikut serta
membayar
meletakkan
membaca
mengoyak/mencabik
membebaskan
mengendarai
membunyikan
terbit/timbul
berlari
menggergaji
berkata
melihat
mencari
menjual
mengirim
memasang/menaruh/meletakkan
menjahit
menggoyang/menggoncang
akan
mencukur/menggunting
menumpahkan
(darah)
bersinar
menembak
memperlihatkan
menyusutkan
menutup
bernyanyi
menenggelamkan/tenggelam
duduk
membunuh
tidur
meluncurkan
membaui/mencium
melemparkan
menyelinap/mengendap
menghabiskan
menaburkan(benih)
memukul
berbicara
mempercepat
mengeja
menghabiskan
mencurahkan/menghabiskan
memintal
meludah
membelah
merusak/mengganggu/membusuk
membentangkan/meluaskan
melompat
berdiri
mencuri
melekatkan
menyengat
berbau busuk
menghambur
melangkah
tali/menyambung
berusaha
bersumpah
berkeringat
mengembang/membengkak
menyapu
berenang
mengayun
mengambil
mengajar
koyak
menceritakan
berpikir
tumbuh dengan subur
melempar/membuang
mendorong/menikam
menginjak
mengerti
bangun
memakai
menenun
menangis
akan
memenangkan
memutar
menarik diri
membentuk
menahan/bertahan
memeras
menulis
|
@
“Who
works in earnest he will succeed”.
(siapa yang bersungguh-sungguh dia akan berhasil)
“Forbereance wins the grace of god”.
(Orang sabar disayang tuhan)
II. Past Tense:
F - menyatakan suatu kejadian/peristiwa
yang terjadi pada masa lampau.
F - biasanya diikuti oleh definite past (pambatasan waktu masa
lampau), seperti : yesterday
(kemarin), last week (minggu lalu),
etc.
Rumus
:
|
Example :
I. a. Kemarin, saya pergi
kesana.
Yesterday, I went there.
b. Ibuku memasak
nasi goreng pagi tadi.
My mother cooked fried rice last morning.
c. Tadi malam, teman-temanku menunggu
kami disini.
Last
night, my friends waited for us
here.
d. Ayahmu memanggilmu tadi.
Your father called you justnow.
II. a. Anton sakit perut
semalam.
Anton was stomach ache last night.
b. Anton
dan saya sangat lapar kemarin.
Anton and I were very hungry yesterday.
Note of chapter V :
 |
Note
:
- rumus diatas digunakan jika ada verb-nya.
- Jika tidak ada verb-nya gunakan auxiliary “ To Be “(were/was).
Example :
a. Tadi, dia(pr) menyanyikan sebuah lagu.
Just now, she sang a song.
b. Apakah dia(pr) menyanyikan
sebuah lagu tadi ?
Did
she sing a song just now ?
c. Tadi, dia(pr) tidak menyanyikan sebuah lagu ?
Just now, she didn’t sing a song.
d. Apakah dia(pr) tidak menyanyikan sebuah lagu tadi ?
Did she not sing a song
just now?
Tidakkah dia(pr)
menyanyikan sebuah lagu tadi ?
Didn’t she sing a song just now ?
e. Ya.
Yes, she did
Tidak.
No,
she didn’t
CHAPTER 7
I. FUTURE
TENSE :
- menyatakan suatu kejadian/peristiwa yang
terjadi pada masa yang akan datang (baik Past
maupun Future).
A. Present Future tense :
- menyatakan suatu peristiwa/kejadian yang
akan terjadi pada masa yang akan datang.
- kejadiannya belum terjadi dan masih dalam
angan-angan.
Rumus :
|
Example
:
a. Saya
akan pergi kesana.
I shall go there.
b. Ayahku
akan sembuh besok.
My father will be well tomorrow.
II. Past
Future Tense :
- menyatakan suatu kejadian/peristiwa yang
akan terjadi pada masa lampau.
- kejadiannya
sudah terjadi, dan sewaktu dibicarakan sudah tidak ada hubungannya lagi.
Rumus :
|
Example :
a. Saya akan pergi kesana kemarin.
I should go there yesterday.
b. Malam itu, ibuku akan marah
padaku.
That night, my mother would be angry to me.
Note :
-To Be Going to (bermaksud/akan) : bisa
digunakan
untuk bentuk Future.
Example
:
a. Saya
akan (bermaksud) datang ke rumahmu
besok.
I am
going to come to your house tomorrow.
Note of chapter VII :
 |
Note :
-
rumus diatas digunakan jika didalam kalimat ada kata
kerjanya.
-
Jika tidak ada kata kerjanya maka tambahkan “Be” didepan Non Verb.
Example :
a. Dia(pr) akan
mengundang saya.
She
will invite me.
b. Akankah dia(pr)
mengundang saya ?
Will she invite me ?
c. Dia(pr) tidak akan
mengundang saya.
She will not invite me.
d. Akankah dia(pr) tidak
mengundang saya ?
Will she not invite me ?
Tidak
akankah dia(pr) mengundang saya ?
Won’t
she invite me ?
e. Ya.
Yes, she will
Tidak
No, she won’t
CHAPTER 8
I.
Penggunaan
auxiliary “have/has” :
- Perfect Tense : adalah kalimat yang
menyatakan suatu kejadian/peristiwa yang telah (sudah) terjadi, baik pada masa
lampau, masa sekarang, maupun pada masa yang akan datang.
A. Present Perfect Tense :
- menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi pada
masa sekarang. Kejadiannya sudah terjadi, dan sewaktu dibicarakan masih ada
hubungannya.
Rumus
:
|
Example :
a. Saya
telah belajar bahasa inggris.
I have studied English.
b. Anton
telah menolong saya.
Anton has helped me.
Note :
-
rumus diatas bisa diikuti oleh :
1.
Since +
jumlah waktu + ago
2.
Since +
keterangan waktu past
3.
For + jumlah waktu
Example :
a. Saya
telah belajar bahasa inggris sejak
dua hari yang lalu.
I have studied English since two days ago.
b. Saya
telah belajar bahasa inggris sejak
kemarin.
I have studied English since yesterday.
c. Saya
telah belajar bahasa inggris selama
satu jam.
I have studied English for an hour.
Note :
-
masukkan “just”
pada rumus diatas untuk mengungkapkan arti “barusan/baru saja
Rumus
:
|
Example :
a. Saya
baru saja pulang dari Jepang.
I have
just come back from Japan.
b. Ayahku baru
saja sembuh.
My father has just been well.
B. Present Future Perfect Tense :
- menyatakan suatu peristiwa/kejadian yang
akan terjadi pada masa yang akan datang. Kejadiannya belum terjadi dan sewaktu
dibicarakan belum ada hubungannya sama sekali.
Rumus :
|
Example :
a. Kami
sudah akan tiba disana besok.
We will have arrived there tomorrow.
b. Ibuku
sudah akan sembuh tiga hari lagi.
My mother will have been well.
C. Past Perfect Tense :
- menyatakan suatu kejadian/peristiwa yang
sudah terjadi pada masa lampau. Kejadiannya sudah terjadi dan sewaktu
dibicarakan sudah tidak ada hubungannya lagi.
Rumus
:
|
Example :
a. Saya
telah belajar bahasa inggris
semalam.
I had studied English last night.
b. Ibuku
telah sembuh kemarin.
My mother had been well yesterday.
Note of chapter VIII :
 |
Note :
-
rumus diatas digunakan jika ada kata kerjanya.
-
Jika tidak ada kata kerjanya, maka tambahkan “Been” didepan Non Verb.
Example
:
a. Dia(lk)
sudah pergi kesana tadi.
He has gone there just now.
b. Sudahkah
dia(lk) pergi kesana tadi ?
Has he gone there just
now ?
c. Dia(lk) sudah tidak pergi kesana tadi.
He hasn’t gone there just now.
d. Sudahkah
dia(lk) tidak pergi kesana tadi ?
Has he not gone there just now ?
Sudah
tidakkah dia(lk) pergi kesana
tadi ?
Hasn’t
he gone there just now ?
e. Ya.
Yes, he has
Tidak
No, He hasn’t
CHAPTER 9
I.
Kalimat
Passive :
- yakni, menyatakan suatu tindakan yang
dilakukan oleh orang lain atau terjadi tanpa disengaja.
A. Passive Present Tense :
(menyatakan
: di.. /ter..)
rumus
:
|
Example
:
a. Bukuku dipinjam
oleh Anton.
My book is borrowed by Anton.
b. Anton dimarahi
oleh ibunya.
Anton is been angry by his mother.
B. Passive Present Continuous Tense :
(menyatakan
: sedang di../sedang ter..)
Rumus
:
|
Example
:
a. Bukuku sedang
dipinjam oleh Anton.
My book is being borrowed by Anton.
b. Anton sedang
dimarahi oleh ibunya(lk).
Anton is being been angry by his mother.
C. Passive
Present Perfect Tense :
(menyatakan
: telah di../telah ter..)
Rumus
:
|
Example
:
a.
Bukuku telah dipinjam oleh Anton.
My book has been borrowed by Anton.
b. Anton telah
dimarahi oleh ibunya.
Anton has been been angry by her mother.
D. Passive
Present Future Tense :
(menyatakan
: akan di .. / akan ter..)
Rumus
:
|
Example :
a. Bukuku akan
dipinjam oleh Anton.
My book will be borrowed by Anton.
b. Anton akan
dimarahi oleh ibunya.
Anton will be been angry by his mother.
Note :
- dalam
bentuk Past (lampau), hanya merubah
kata bantunya menjadi bentuk :
To Be (am,are,is) - Were/Was
Have/Has - Had
Shall/Will - Should/Would
CHAPTER 10
I.
Imperative :
- merupakan kalimat perintah, yakni; digunakan
untuk meminta, memohon, menyuruh, ataupun melarang orang yang diajak bicara
melakukan sesuatu.
A. Positive
Imperative :
- digunakan untuk memohon, menyuruh,
orang yang melakukan sesuatu.
Penggunaannya :
1.
Gunakan kata kerja bentuk asli ( Verb.I ) :
Example
:
a. Kemarilah, Anne !
Come
here, Anne !
b. Pergilah kesana.
Go
there, please.
2. Gunakan
“Be” didepan Non Verb :
Example :
a. Bergembiralah
jika engkau bahagia.
Be glad if you are happy.
3. Gunakan
rumus-rumus berikut untuk mengemukakan arti “biarlah/biarkan :
Rumus :
|
Example :
a. Biarkan dia(lk) pergi kesana.
Let him go there.
b. Biarkan
Anton bersedih.
Let
Anton be sorrow.
Note :
-
tambahkan “just” didepan rumus diatas untuk mengungkapkan arti
“saja”.
Example
:
a. Biarkan
saja dia(pr) pergi kesana.
Just
let him go there.
b. Biarkan saja
dia(pr) bergembira atas keberhasilannya.
Just
let her be glad on her succeed.
B. Negative
Imperative :
- digunakan
untuk melarang orang melakukan sesuatu.
- caranya
gunakan “Don’t” didepan peraturan
diatas.
Example :
1. a. Jangan
datang kemari, Anne !
Don’t come here, Anne !
2. a. Jangan
bersenang-senang diatas
penderitaan orang lain.
Don’t be glad on the misfortune of
other.
3. a. Jangan
biarkan dia(pr) pergi kesana.
Don’t let her go there.
b. Jangan biarkan Anton bersedih.
Don’t let Anton be sad.
CHAPTER 11
I.
Question
Tags :
F adalah
suatu pertanyaan yang meminta penegasan jawaban.
F Ada
2 cara dalam membuat kalimat Question Tags :
1. Jika kalimatnya (+), maka Question Tags-nya (-).
2. Jika kalimatnya (-), maka Question Tag-nya (+).
|
1.
A. Dengan Auxiliary :
Example
:
a.
Dia (pr) akan pergi kesana, bukan ?
She will
go there, won’t she ?
b.
Anton bisa berbicara bahasa inggris,
bukan
?
Anton can speak English, can’t
he ?
B. Dengan
Non Verb :
Example
:
a. Kamu lapar, bukan ?
You are
hungry, aren’t you ?
b. Kemarin, ayahmu sakit, bukan ?
Yesterday, your father was ill,wasn’t he?
C. Dengan
Verb :
Example
:
a. Mereka selalu pergi kesana, bukan ?
They always go there, don’t they ?
b. Anton selalu pergi kesana, bukan ?
Anton always goes there, doesn’t he ?
c. Kemarin, kami pergi kesana, bukan ?
Yesterday, we went there, didn’t we ?
|
2.
A. Dengan Auxiliary :
Example
:
a. Dia(pr) tidak akan pergi kesana, bukan ?
She
won’t go there, will she ?
b. Anton tidak bisa berbicara bahasa
inggris, bukan ?
Anton can’t speak English, can
he ?
B. Dengan Non Verb :
Example
:
a. Aku tidak marah pada mu, bukan ?
I am
not angry to you, am I ?
b. Kemarin, ayahmu tidak sakit, bukan ?
Yesterday, your father wasn’t ill,was he?
C. Dengan
Verb :
Example
:
a. Mereka tidak selalu pergi kesana, bukan?
They
don’t always go there, do they ?
b. Anton tidak selalu pergi kesana , bukan ?
Anton doesn’t always go there, does
he ?
c. Kemarin,kami tidak pergi kesana, bukan?
Yesterday, we didn’t go there, did we
?
Note :
1. kata ganti untuk : I, we & You (pada question
tags tidak mengalami perubahan ).
2. to
be “am
not” (pada question tags tidak dapat
di singkat menjadi amn’t melainkan dirubah menjadi aren’t ).
CHAPTER 12
I.
Genetive
Case :
F digunakan
untuk menyatakan milik/kepunyaan.
F Caranya
dengan menggunakan :
1. Appostrophe (‘), dan ;
2. Phrase ‘of ’
1. Pemakaian Apostrophe (‘) :
A. ORBINTUNG :
(
orang, binatang, …….. tunggal )
rumus
:
|
Example
:
a. Topi Amir biru.
Amir’s
hat is new.
b. Buntut
anjing itu panjang.
The
dog ‘s tail is long.
B. ORBINJAM :
(orang,
binatang,…… jamak {berakhiran dengan : -s/-es})
rumus
:
|
Example
:
a. Ada 2
buah buku siswa diatas meja.
There are two students’ books on
the table.
C. ORBINJAM :
(
Orang, binatang, …jamak { tanpa berakhiran-s/-es
})
rumus
:
|
Example
:
a. Ada 2 buah boneka anak-anak diatas meja.
There are two children’s toys on the table.
II. PHRASE “ OF” :
F Untuk menyatakan benda milik benda, maka
kita gunakan phrase “of “.
Example
:
a. Sampul
buku saya berwarna biru.
The cover of my book is blue colour.
b. Kaki meja itu patah.
The leg of the table is broken
.
c. Isi
kaleng itu kosong.
The content of that can is empty.
d. Warna
gigi temanmu kuning.
The colour of your friend’s teeth are yellow.
Exception:
J
Pemakaian apostrophe {‘} terkadang juga digunakan untuk menyatakan benda milik benda.
1.
Menyatakan tanda waktu {signifying time}.
2.
Menyatakan gejala alam {natural phenomena}.
3.
Menyatakan kesatuan politik (political entities}.
4.
Menyatakan nama yang mewakili suatu kelompok kerja.
Example
:
1. a. a
day’s journey
b. a
mooth’s time
c. today’s newspaper
2. a. the
moon’s rays
b. the
earth’s atmosphere
c. the
tree’s branches
3. a. Japan’s industrialization
b. the
country’s tax system
4. a. the
company’s new factory
b. the
newspaper’s editorial policy
c. the
ship’s crew
CHAPTER 13
I. Infinitive
“to” :
Fadalah penambahan “to” didepan kata kerja.
II. Infinitive
Phrase :
Fadalah phrase yang
didahului oleh infinitive “to”.
Finfinitive phrase
bisa berfungsi sebagai, noun, adjective, maupun adverbs.
A. Berfungsi
sebagai kata benda {nominal function}:
1.
subject
2.
object of verb
3.
subjective complement {predicate noun}
4.
appositive
Example :
a. Untuk
datang kemari tidaklah mudah.
To
come here isnot easy.
Tidaklah
mudah untuk datang kemari.
It is not easy to come here.
b. Saya
ingin kamu datang kemari.
I want you to come here.
c.
Perintahnya{lk} adalah kita semua pergi kesana.
His
command is all of us to go
there.
d. Saya
hanya punya satu keinginan bagimu untuk pergi kesana.
I
just have one desire for you to
go there.
B. Berfungsi
sebagai kata sifat {adjectival fucntion} :
Example :
a. Ini
adalah sebuah surat untuk kamu ketik.
This is a letter for you to type.
C. Berfungsi
sebagai adverb {adverbial function}:
1.
modifier of a sentence
2.
modifier of a verb
3.
modifier of an adjective
Example
:
a. Untuk datang kemari, saya harus berjalan
selama 2 jam.
To come here, I must walk
for two hours.
b. Supaya pintar ,kalian harus belajar dengan giat.
In
order to be clever, you have to
study hard.
c. Aku menyesal berpisah denganmu.
I
‘m sorry to see you leave.
Exception :
FPenambahan “to” batal apabila didahului oleh kata
kerja panca indera {Verbs of Sensation}. Seperti :
Observe mengamati notice
memperhatikan
Behold mengawasi Watch mengawasi/
menonton
Dare berani keep menjaga
Need
perlu help menolong
See melihat make membuat
Hear mendengar let membiarkan
Smeel membaui please mempersilahkan
Feel merasa bid menyuruh
Know tahu etc. dsb.
Example
:
a.
Budi membantuku memperbaiki sepeda motorku.
Budi helps me repair my motorcycle.
b.
Aku biarkan Wati pergi kesana sendirian.
I let Wati go there alone.
Note of Chapter 13 :
1.
Apabila kalimat dimulai dengan verb tetapi bukan
merupakan kalimat perintah; maka kita tambahkan “to” didepannya sekaligus dianggap sebagai subject tunggal.
Example
:
a.
Untuk datang kemari, tidaklah mudah.
To
come here is not easy.
b.
Untuk pergi kesana memerlukan banyak uang.
To
go there needs much money.
2.
Tambahkan “to
be’ didepan Non Verb.
Example
:
a.
Untuk sehat memerlukan banyak uang.
To
be healthy needs much money.
3.
Menyatakan “seolah-olah
/ seakan-akan” gunakan :
1. as if to {verb}
2. as if to be {Non Verb}
Example
:
a.
Dia{lk} tersenyum seolah-olah mengejekku.
He
smiles as if to mock me
b.
Tuti menangis seakan-akan bersedih.
Tuti
cries as if to be sad.
4.
“Bukan untuk/
tidak untuk”, gunakan :
1.
not to {verb}
2.
not to be {non verb}
Example
:
a.
Saya membeli banyak buku bukan untuk menghabiskan
banyak uang.
I
buy many books not to spend much
money.
b.
Saya datang kemari bukan untuk bersenang-senang.
I
come here not to be happy.
5.
Verb sesudah “verb
of sensation” baleh di tambah akhiran-ing, apabila yang dimaksud sedang
terjadi.
Example
:
a.
saya mencium sesuatu yang sedang terbakar.
I
smell something burning.
b.
Kemarin, aku sedang melihatmu sedang menyeberangi
jalan.
Yesterday,
I saw you crossing the
street.
6.
Come, go, try + “to”
infinitive
Come,
go, try + and + Verb 1
Example
:
a.
Mereka datang untuk menolongku.
They
come to help me.
b.
Anto datang dan melihatku.
Anto
comes and see.
c.
Silahkan datang dan lihat.
Please,
come and see.
CHAPTER 14
I.
Interrogative
Form { bentuk bertanya } :
F
Pada bab ini kita akan mempelajari kalimat-kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan
kata-kata tanya ( question words ).
|
1.
F Sebelum digabung dengan kalimat, maka
kalimat tersebut harus dijadikan bentuk bertanya lebih dahulu.
1.
Who {
siapa }
2. What { apa }
3. Which { yang mana }
4. When { kapan }
5. Why { kenapa }
Example :
a. Kenapa kamu belum mengerti ?
You don’t understand yet.
Don’t you understand yet ?
Why don’t you understand yet ?
b. Kapan
kamu akan berhasil jika kamu malas ?
When will you be succed if you are lazy?
c. Kemana kamu akan pergi ?
Where will you go ?
|
2.
C Bila
digabung dengan non sentence, maka ia dapat berfungsi langsung sebagai subject.
Note :
1. Sentence : kalimat
yang
mempunyai
subject.
2. Non Sentence : kalimat yang
tidak
memiliki
subject.
1. Who { siapa
}
2. What { apa }
3. Which { yang mana }
Example :
a. Siapa-siapa yang tidak datang hari ini
?
Who don’t come today ?
b. Yang mana yang bagus ?
Which is good ?
|
3.
C Merupakan gabungan kata-kata tanya
dengan kata benda
1.
Whose {siapa }
2. What { apa } + Noun
3. Which {yang mana }
C Pemakaiannya dapat diikuti oleh :
1. Sentence
2. Non Sentence
Example :
1. a. Pena
siapa yang sedang dia (lk)
pegang.
Whose pen is he salding ?
b. Gadis yang mana yang
engkau sukai?
Which girl do you like ?
2. a. Anak (lk)
yang mana yang
mengganggu mu ?
Whose boy disturbs you ?
b. Benda-benda
apa yang rusak ?
What things are broken ?
|
4.
C Bila di gabung dengan prounoun bentuk
plural, maka pengertiannya dianggap tunggal.
1.
Which of you { yang mana dari kamu }
2.
Which of us { yang mana dari kami }
3.
Which of them{
yang mana dari mereka}
C Dalam mempertegas kalimat bentuk ini bisa
dibantu dengan :
1.
One ( Singular )
2.
Ones (
plural )
Example :
a. Yang mana dari buku-buku ini
kepunyaanmu ?
Which one of these books is belong to you ?
b. Yang mana-mana dari buku-buku ini yang
mahal ?
Which ones of these books are belong to
you ?
|
5.
C Digunakan untuk menyatakan mutu/keadaan.
How difficult
How
easy
How
clever
How
many times
How
beautiful
Etc.
Rumus :
|
1.
Example
:
a. Bagaimana
pintarnya kamu ?
How
clever are you ?
b. Alangkah
pintarnya kamu.
How
clever you are.
|
2.
Example
:
a. Bagaimana
cantiknya dia(pr) kamu ?
What
a beautiful is she ?
b. Alangkah
cantiknya dia (pr) ?
What
a beautiful she is.
Addition
:
What
time (jam berapa ) )
What
number (nomor berapa ) )
What
size + noun (ukuran berapa) )
What
year (tahun berapa )
)
Etc.
Example :
a. Ukuran
berapa sepatu yang sedang anda pakai sekarang ?
What size shoes are you wearing now ?
b. Berapa
nomor rumahmu ?
What number is your house ?
Note :
|
|
Example :
I. a. Alangkah banyak buku-buku yang dia(lk) baca
setiap hari.
How many books you read everyday.
b. Berapa
banyak buku buku yang dia(lk) baca setiap hari ?
How many books do you read everyday ?
II. a. Alangkah banyak uang yang kamu habiskan
setiap hari.
How much money you spend everyday.
b. Berapa
banyak uang yang kamu habiskan setiap hari ?
How much money do you spend everyday ?
|
6.
C Setelah kalimat dijadikan bentuk
bertanya, maka tarik preposition ke belakang kalimat.
What for (untuk
apa )
What
in (didalam
apa )
Who to (kepada siapa)
Who with (dengan siapa)
Where from (dari mana )
Etc
Example :
a. Dengan siapa dia(lk) pergi ke pasar ?
Who is she going to the market with
?
b. Untuk apa kamu menangis ?
What do you cry for ?
Attention :
C Biasanya preposition tidak ditarik
ke belakang kalimat, melainkan diletakkan didepan kalimat jika bergabung dengan
:
1.
Compound Relative Pronouns (cara III)
2.
1. Till When (sampai kapan)
2.
Since When (sejak kapan)
Example
:
a. Dengan anak siapa dia(lk) pergi ke
pasar.
With whose child does he go to the
market?
b. Sejak kapan kamu gila?
Since when are you crazy?
c. Sampai kapan kami harus menunggumu?
Till when are you crazy?
Compare :
…
You give that present to Anton.
a. Who do you give that present to?
b. To whom do you give that present?
…
He is speaking English to anton.
a. Who is he speaking English to?
b. To whom he is speaking English?
…I
saw Anton yesterday.
a. Whom did you see yesterday?
Addition :
I.. Profession
:
a. What are you?
I
am a doctor.
b. What is he?
He
is an engineer?
c. What is he? (=What is his name and family)
I. An Adverb :
C Is a word used to add something to the meaning a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
1. Adverb of Manner :
C Digunakan
untuk mengetahui bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan.
Rumus :
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Peraturan penambahan
akhiran –ly pada kata sifat :
C Bila
Adjective (kata sifat) yang berakhiran dengan huruf :
1.
-le, maka langsung dirubah menjadi –ly.
2.
–y, maka dirubah menjadi –i kemudian + -ly.
3.
diluar peraturan
diatas maka langsung + -ly.
Example :
1. a.
simple - simply (dengan sederhana )
b. nimble
- nimbly (dengan lincah )
2. a. happy -
happily (dengan bahagia )
b. lazy -
lazily (dengan malas )
3. a. cruel
- cruelly (dengan kejam )
b. polite - polite (dengan
sopan )
Letaknya
dalam kalimat :
1.
setelah verb,
jika tidak ada object.
2.
setelah object
jika ada
3.
didepan verb.III
(past participle), jika ada.
Example
:
a. Dia(lk) selalu belajar dengan rajin.
He
always studies diligently.
b. Anton berbicara B.inggris kepadaku dengan lancer.
Anton speak English to me fluently.
c. Apakah anak-anak tersebut
diperlakukan dengan kejam?
Are those children cruelly treated ?
Exception :
C Adjective berikut tidak ditambah dengan akhiran –ly.
1. early (lebih awal ) 9. late
(lambat )
2. far (jauh ) 10. long (panjang )
3. fast (cepat ) 11. low (rendah )
4. high (tinggi ) 12. near (dekat )
5. clean (bersih ) 13. short (pendek )
6. close (dekat
) 14. well (baik )
7. hard (keras/giat ) 15. very well (sangat baik )
Etc.
Example :
a. Kita harus belajar dengan giat.
We
must study hard.
b. Anton dapat mengerjakan PR-nya dengan baik.
Anton
can do his homework well.
2. Adverb of Frequency
:
Cdigunakan untuk menyatakan berapa seringsuatu
pekerjaan dilakukan.
1. after (setelah ) 10. never (tidak
pernah
There
are three ways of expressing preferences :
1. prefer … to { lebih suka … daripada }
2. like …
better than { lebih suka … daripada
}
3. would rather
… than { lebih suka … daripada }
1. Prefer … to :
Formulas :
|
2. Like … better than :
Formulas :
|
3. Would rather … than :
Formulas :
|
Example :
1. a. I prefer
apple to orange.
b.
I prefer watching on TV to studying.
2. a. I like
apple better than orange.
b.
I like watching on TV better than studying.
3. a. I would
rather have an apple than { have
} an orange.
b.
I would rather watching on
TV than studying.
Note :
Ó - in a polite question “
would rather ” can be followed by “ or “ to offer someone a choice.
Example :
a. Would
you rather have an apple or orange ?
I. Direct speech :
Ó - is the repeatation of
someone speech without any changing so, it’s written
in
quotation mark.
Example :
a.
He said, “ I believe in you.”
b.
They said, “ we will come to your
house tomorrow.”
II. Indirect speech :
Ó - is the repeatation of
someone speech with any changing.
Example :
a.
He said that he believed in me.
b.
They said that they would come to
my house the following day.
Note :
Ó - The
changing from direct into indirect :
I.
Tenses :
a. present -
past tense
b. past tense -
past perfect tense
II. Adverb:
|
Example :
1. a. Amir said ,” I am sick today.”
b. Amir said that he was sick the next day.
2. a. Amir said ,” I was sick yesterday.”
b. Amir said that he had been sick the previous day.
Note :
III. Direct and Indirect question :
1.
with question words :
Example :
a.
He asked ,” Why do you come late
?”
b.
He asked that why I came late.
a.
Mr. David asked ,” When were you born ?”
b.
Mr. David asked me when I had been born.
2. without question words :
Example :
a.
My friend asked,” Can you speak English ?”
b.
My friend asked whether I could speak English.
IV. shall question ( I & We ) ;
Ó - there are two types :
a. real future : shall becomes would
Example :
a.
They asked,” Shall we get the answer tomorrow ?”
b.
They asked whether they would
get the answer the following day.
b. request : shall becomes would
Example :
a.
He asked,” shall I open the door
?”
b.
He asked whether he would
open the door.
V. Direct and Indirect Command :
Ó - Here
we may use the words below , as;
advice suggest order
offer forbide ask
command etc.
a. Positive Command :
Example :
a.
Mary said,” Come in ,Anne !”
b.
Mary commanded Anne to come
in.
b. Negative Command :
Example :
a.
Mother said,” Children don”t play
near the well !”
b.
Mother forbade the children
not to play near the well.
a.
Father said,” Don”t be lazy to
study English !”
b.
Father adviced not to be
lazy to study English.
An Adjective Clause :
Ó - an adjective
clause is a group of words
which is contains
a subject and a
predicate of its own and does the work of an
adjective.
- Adjective clauses are also called relative clause.
The function of adjective clause :
Ó - The
fuction of adjective clause is to modifies a preceding nouns or pronouns.
- A noun or a pronoun being
modifies is called Antecedent.
The words that may introduce adjective clause are :
1. Relative Pronouns :
a. a person :
who ( whom, whose )
b. a thing :
which ,that
2. Relative Adverb :
a. a time :
when
b. a place :
where
c. a reason : why
3. before or after
4. as (after “ the same” )
I.
Relative Pronouns :
A.
Person ( who, whose, whom, and that )
-
Introductory functioning as ; 1.
Subject
2. object of verb
3. object of preposition
4. possessive adjective
1. Who ( as a subject ) :
Ó - it is used to combine two
sentences, if we change the subject of human
being of the second sentence.
Example :
a.
I look for Anton. Anton
lives near from here.
b.
I look for Anton who
lives near from here.
2. whom (as an object of a verb ) :
Ó - It is used to combine two sentences, if
we change the object of human
being of the second sentence.
Example :
a.
He is a student. We admire
him.
b.
He is a student whom
we admire.
3. preposition + whom (as an object of preposition) :
Ó - It
is used to replace the object of preposition of the second sentence.
Example :
a.
Anton is my friend. I give your pen to him.
b.
Anton, to whom I
give your pen, is my friend.
4.
whose (as possessive ) :
Ó - It
is used to combine two sentences. If we change the possessive of the second sentence.
Example :
a.
My uncle is a wise man. His car
is new.
b.
My uncle whose car
is new is a wise man.
B. Thing ( which, of
which, that )
- Introductory functioning as
; 1. Subject
2. object of verb
3. object of preposition
4. possessive adjective
1.
which ( as a subject ) :
- It is used to relate two sentences if we change the
subject of non human being of the second
sentence.
Example :
a.
The tree already has blossoms. It
was planted last year.
b.
The tree which was
planted last year already has blossoms.
2.
which ( as an object of a verb) :
- It is used to relate two
sentences. If we change the object of non-human being of the second sentence.
Example :
a. The tree has already
blossoms. His father planted the tree
last year.
b. The tree which ( or, that ) his father planted last year
already has blossoms.
preposition + which ( object of preposition ) :
- It is used to replace the
object of preposition of the second sentence.
Example :
a. The tree is a very old one.
He is standing under the tree.
b. The ttree under which he is standing
is a very old one .
3.
of which ( as possessive ) :
- It is used to relate two
sentences, and if we change the possessive of the second sentence.
Example :
a. The
tree is avery old one. The branch of the
tree are almost bare now.
c. The tree, the branch of which are
almost bare now, is avery old one.
II. Relative Adverb
a. Time ( when )
b. Place ( where )
c. Reason ( why
)
Exmaple :
a. This is the year when the olympic games are
held.
b. Here is the house where I live.
c. Give me one reason why you did that.
Ó - Other words that may introduced adjective
clause are :
III.
before or after :
Example :
a. He became sick the day before he was to leave his
vacation.
IV.
as ( after “the same” ) :
Example :
a. She made the same mistake as (that) her friend did.
ADDITION
LESSON
I. that
Ó - It is used for persons or things in restrictive clauses only. ( The
relative pronouns may be
ommitted only in restrictive clauses ).
Puctuation of Adjective Clauses :
I.
use commas ( non restrictive clauses ) :
A.
when the antencedent is
restricted itself.
1. Antecedent a proper noun
2. Antencedent one of a kind
3. Antecedent restricted by the
preceding context
Example :
a. Many people congratulated William Foulker, who had just won
the nobel prize for literature.
b. The boy’s mother , who loves him very much,
has made many sacrifices for his happines.
c. Late in the evening she sent
out for some coffee, which
had been boiling for a long time, tasted rancid.
B.
when the antecedent refers
to all of the class.
Example :
a. The chairs, which were in bad condition,
were sent out to be repaired and refinished.
II.
do not use commas ( restrictive clauses ) :
A.
when the antecedent is restricted
by the adjective clauses.
Example :
a. Many people congratulated
the man who had just won
the nobel prize for literature.
b. A mother who loves her son very much
will make many sacrifices for his happiness.
c. Coffee which had been boiled for along time will tasted rancid.
B.
when the antecedentrefers to
“some” of the class.
Example :
a. The chairs which were in bad condition
were sent out to be repaired and refinished
A Participial Phrase :
+
- is a
phrase which is introduced by a participle. According to its
use here, it is an a
adjective clause.
A Phrase :
+
- is a
group of words which is makes sense, but not complete sense ( or, a
group of
words performing a single function ).
A Participle :
+ - is a word which is partly
averb and aprtly an adjective.
- It is consists of : 1.
Participle as adjective
2.
participle as replacing clause
1.
participle as adjective
A.
Present Participle :
- it is used to denote the
preceded noun :
1. to denote the formation of
noun
2. to denote the habit of noun
3. to denote that the noun can
be done
4. to denote the noun is doing
the verb
Example :
1. a. drawing
book
b. frying banana
2. a. smilling girl
b. persuanding
young man
3. a. rolling stone
b. roching chair
4. a. parking
car
b. developing
country
c. confusing
people
B. Past Participle :
+ - It
is used to denote the preceded noun : 1.To denote the condition of noun
2.
to denote the noun has been done
3.
to denote where the noun comes from
Example :
1.a. tired
man
b. confused student
2.a. fried bananas
b. translated text
3.a. stolen money
b. adapted
child
II. Participle as replacing clause
A. Present Participle :
I.
as alternatives for
adverbial clauses :
1. time : a. after
b.
when
c.
while
2. cause or reason :
a. because
II.
as alternatives for
adjective clauses :
1. a clause with progressive
form
2. a clause with
non-progressive form
B.
Past Participle :
A.
Present Participle :
I.
as alternatives for
adverbial clauses
1.
time :
a.
after
Example :
a. She sat down to watch on TV after sha had finished all
her home work.
b. Having finished all her home work, she sat down to watch on
TV.
b.
when ( or, while )
Example :
a. I saw you in the corner when I come into the class.
b. Coming into the class, I saw you in the corner.
Note :
+ while : -Attendent
Circumstance (untuk keadaan yang sedang dihadapi ).
Example :
a. Usually we can’t eat while we speak.
b. Usually we can’t eat speaking.
a. It is not good lying while we read.
b.
It is not good lying reading.
2.
cause or reason :
a.
because
Example :
a. Last time I didn’t come to
our course because I had
something to do.
b. Having something to do, I didn’t come to our course.
c. Last class time I didn’t
come to our course, having something
to do.
a. She can’t meet you because she is very busy at
home.
b. Being very busy at home , she can’t meet you.
c. She can’t meet you being very busy at home.
Note :
+ - If the subject of couse or reason is not the same as the subject of
the main verb, so; it must be mentioned or written in front of Present
Participle.
Example :
a. The wind can blow into the
class because the door is
opened.
b. The door being opened , the wind can blow into
the class.
II. as
alternatives for adjective clauses
a.
a clause with progressive
form :
Example :
a. The young man who is standing in front of
your father is my friend.
b. The young man standing in front of your
father is my friend.
a. The
meeting which is taking
place in king’s hotel will be over next week. b. The
meeting taking place in
king’s hotel will be over next week.
b. a clause with non-progressive verb :
- The verb
seldom used in progressive form, such as ;
want like believe wish have
own consist of love belong see
hear think passes exist be
understand know need prefer hate
forget remember etc.
Example :
a. A student who
wants to go home earlier may do that. b. A
student wanting to go home
earlier may do that.
a. The
people who doesn’t believe
in god is called “Atheis”.
b. The
people not believing in god
is called “Atheis.
B.
Past Participle
+ - It is used to change a
relative clause in passive voice.
Example :
a. I like very much the novel which was composed by St.
Alisyahbana.
b. I like very much the novel composed by St. Alisyahbana.
a.
Money which was
given by your mother doesn’t enaugh to buy dictionary.
b. Money given by your mother doesn’t enaugh to buy
dictionary.
GERUND :
+ - Gerund is a noun which is derived from the verb by
adding “-ing”. Therefore; it is called
verbal noun.
Gerund Phrase :
+ - Gerund phrase is a phrase which is introduced by a
phrase
The regulation to use gerund :
A.
as a subject :
Example :
a. Smooking is not good for our health.
b. Reading many book adds our knowledge.
c. Being honest all the time is not always easy.
d. Being rich is everybody aims.
B. as an object :
Example :
a. I like playing foot ball.
b. We may not stop studying.
C. as possessive :
Example :
a. Your running is very fast.
b. His being absence doesn’t matter for me.
D. Gerund will be used after
“preposition” :
Such as;
Far from with in on at without about beside off
of up etc.
Example :
a. They know all of these from
studying.
b. I always take a bath before
having breakfast.
E.
When the verb is preceded by
passive meaning verb below :
1. want, need ( sepatutnya, selayaknya,
perlu di.. )
2. want bear, need bear ( tidak sepatutnya, tidak perlu di.. )
Example
:
a.
Your shoes need changing.
b.
He want inviting.
F.
After the article “a / an” :
Example
:
a. A knocking on the door means guest.
b. I hope an inviting from you.
b. He dislikes playing footbal.
G.
After the phrases below :
- It is no use - Tidak ada gunanya
- It is no good - Tidak baik
- It is no worth - Tidak pantas
- Would mind - Keberatankah
- Don’t / Doesn’t mind - Tidak keberatankah
- Object to - Keberatan / membantah
- go for to / go for town - Banyak membantu
- look forward to - Menanti-nantikan
- Swear to - Bersumpah
- Can’t stand - Tidak tahan
- Can’t help - Terpaksa
- Can’t resist - Tidak tahan
- Get used to, To be used to - Terbiasa
Example
:
a.
It is no use regretting
the failure.
b.
It is no good lying
reading.
c.
They don’t mind helping
us.
H.Gerund will be used after the words below :
- advice - menasehati -
admit - mengakui
-
avoid - menghindari -
apreciate - menghargai
-
anticipate - mengharapkan
- begin - memulai
- bear - tahan { benda } - cease -
berhenti
-
continue - melanjutkan - consider - mempertimbangka
-
deny - menolak - dislike - tidak suka j
-
detest - tidak suka jijik - dreat - merasa sangat takut
-
delay / defer - menunda-nunda - depent - mempertahankan
-
enjoy - menikmati - endurance - menahan {derita}
-
forget - lupa - finish - menyelesaikan
-
forbide - melarang - grudge - tidak rela
-
go - pergi - go on - melanjutkan
-
insist on - bersih keras - hate - membenci
-
involve - melibatkan - imagine/fancy - membayangkan
-
keep on - terus-terusan - learn of - menghentikan
-
like - suka - propose - mengusulkan
-
prefer - lebih suka - practice - berlatih
-
suggest - menyarankan - save - menyelamatkan,
-
stop - berhenti - melindungi
-
risk - berisiko - resent - merasa terhina
-
remember - ingat - recolect - mengingat
-
try - mencoba - start - memulai
-
miss - melewatkan - give up - menyerah
-
etc.
Example :
a. We
may not stop studying.
b.
Don’t give up in studying English.
Capitalize :
+ - Capitalize
is the use of a big letter, not a small letter.
The regulation to use capitalize :
1.
The first word of a sentence
2.
The name of people
3.
Titles used with the name of people
4.
Month, days, holidays
(
Note : Seasons are not capitalized.
Such as; summer, spring, autum, winter )
5.
The name of place :
1.
city
2.
state / province
3.
country
4.
continent
5.
ocean
6.
lake
7.
river
8.
desert
9.
mountain
10. school
11. business
12. street,
etc.
13. building
14. park,
zoo
6.
The name of river
7.
The name of nations, nationalities, and languages
8.
The name of religion
9.
The pronoun “ I “
Example
:
1. a. This is my book.
b. My book is that.
2. a. Anton, Marry, Susi, etc.
3. a. Drs. Sunardi
4. a. August
b. Friday
c. Christmas
5. 1. Palembang
2. Sumatera Selatan
3.
Indonesia
4.
Asia
5.
Atlantic Ocean
6.
Lake Toba
7.
Musi River
8.
Sahara Desert
9.
Dempo Mountain
10. University of Sriwijaya
11. General Electric Company
12. Grand Avenue, Sudirman Street
13. Sport Hall
14. Forest Park
6. a. I
am taking Chemistry 101 this term.
7. a. She
speaks English.
b. We
discussed Japanese custom.
8.. a. Buddism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are mayor religions
in
the wold.
b. Talal
is a Moslem.
9. a. Yesterday,
I felt off my bicycle.
A. Much-Many; (A)little-(A)few; less-fewer :
1. Countable
noun : 2. Uncountable noun :
a. Many chairs are needed. a. Much furniture is needed.
b. (A)few
furniture is needed. b. (A)little furniture is needed.
c. Fewer
chairs are needed. c. Less furniture is needed.
B. (A)little-(A)few :
-
stress the absence of something in a small quantity.
Example :
a.
I have a little
money.
b.
I have a few
friends.
C. Little-Few:
-
stress the absence of almost all quantity.
Example :
a.
I have little
money.
b.
I have few
friend.
Note : “in
informal speech,”less” is also used
with plural nouns.
Example :
a.
Less chairs
are needed.
-
represent an indefinite amount.
1.
Some is used
in (+) statements Any is used in (-)
statements.
Example
:
a.
I have some money.
b.
I don’t have any
money.
2. Some-Any:
-
may be used with questions.
Example :
a.
Do you have any
money ? ( at all )
b. Do you have some money? ( at least in a
small quantity )
3.
Any is used
in (+) statements means “ It doesn’t
matter”.
Example
:
a. Any
clerk in the store can help you.
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CAUSATIVE :
ÿ- Causative is
used to command, to advice, to suggest, to ask for, etc. to do something
without mentioning who the doer ( subject ) of it.
1. Personal causative sentences with “have” :
ÿ- it is used
to suggest authority and command.
Formula :
S + HAVE / HAS + NOUN + VERB. I
Example
:
a.
Tom has him
do the exercise.
b.
I have Anton
paint the fence.
2. \Personal causative sentences with “ get ”:
ÿ- It is used to express persuation, tact, kindness, or
careful management because it is more suitable in contexts.
Formula :
S
+ GET + NOUN + TO + VERB.I
Example
:
a.
I got him to
do the exercises, yesterday.
b.
I get Anton
to wash his shoes.
3. Causative form with “ passive meaning “
:
ÿ- It is used as if the subject does
something but indeed it isn’t by the subject.
Formula :
S + HAVE / HAS / GET + NOUN + VERB.III
Example
:
1. a. I have / get Joni polished my shoes.
b. I have / get my shoes polished. ( by Joni )
2. a. The
teacher has us done the exercise
b. The teacher has the exercise done. ( by us )
3. a. Please, have him cut
Anton’s hair.
b. Please, have Anton’s hair cut. ( by him )
4. a. I have / get
someone cleaned the house yard.
b. I have / get the house yard cleaned. ( by
someone )
H. How to avoid double auxiliaries :
1. must be able to…………………………. - mesti (pasti) bisa
2. shall/will be able to ……………………..- akan bisa
3. have/has been able to …………………...- telah bisa
4. must be allowed to ……………………...- mesti (pasti) boleh
5. shall/will be allowed to …………………- akan boleh
6. have/has been allowed to ……………….- telah boleh
7. shall/will have to ………………………..- pasti akan
8. have/has had to ………………………….- telah pasti / pasti telah
9. must be about to ………………………..- pasti (mesti) akan
10. have/has been about to ………………….- telah (sudah) akan
Example
:
1. a. We must be able to overcome our problem.
b. I
must be able to be a honest man.
2. a. I will be able to succed if I study hard.
b. Anton
will be able to be clever.
3. a. I have been able to speak English well.
b. He
has been able to be angry with her
older brother.
4. a. Anton
must be allowed to study in her
house.
b. We
must not be alllowed to be angry to her younger brother.
5. a. You
will be allowed to join us if you
are honest.
b. I
will be allowed to be a leader if I
can act justily.
6. a. You
have been allowed to go home because
our time is over
b. Susi
has been allowed to be sleepy in mid
night.
7. a. They
will have to accuse us if we just
keep silent.
b. I
will have to be successful if I work
hard.
8. a. She
has had to suspect you.
b. Tuti
has had to be a clever student.
9. a. He must be about to escape from the jail.
b. Joni must
not be about to be clever.
10. a. They have been about to go home when we
arrived.
b. Your
mother has not been
about to be angry with you.
II. Auxiliaries
+ have + verb.III
1. s + ought to/should to + have + verb.III
s + ought to/should to + have + been + non
verb
( sebenarnya harus )
ÿ:- It
is used to express an unfulfiled past obligation.
Example :
a.
You ought to
have came here yesterday.
b.
Susi shouldn’t
to have been angry to me last week.
2. s + could + have + verrb III
s + could + have + been + non verb
(
sebenarnya bisa )
ÿ- It is used to express an unfulfiled past ability.
Example :
a.
We could have
answered your question just now.
b.
They could have
been upset to answer these questions at the time.
3. s + would like to/should like to + have +
verb III
s + would like to/should like to + have +
been + non verb
(
sebenarnya berniat )
ÿ- It
is used to express an unfulfiled past interest.
Example
:
a.
I should like to have gone there
yesterday.
b.
My father wouldn’t
like to have been angry to his son last night.
4. s + were/was + to + have + verb III.
s + were/was + to + have + been + non verb
(
sebenarnya berencana )
ÿ- It
is used to express an unfulfiled past arrangement.
Example
:
a.
We were to have
came to your house last night.
b.
I wasn’t to have
met susi yesterday afternoon.
5. s + needn’t
+ have + Verb III
s + needn’t
+ have + been + non verb
(
sebenarnya tidak perlu )
Example
:
a.
You needn’t have
came here again.
b.
All of you needn’t
have been confused to answer my questions.
6. s + might/may + have + verb III
s + might/may + have + verb III
s + might/may + have + been + non verb
(
mungkin )
ÿ- It
is used to express a past action in the speculation
Examople
:
a.
They may have
taken your book.
b.
Your money might
have been stolen by him.
c.
Susi’s friend might
have been been angry by her mother.
7. s
+ must + have + verb III
s
+ must + have + verb III
s + must + have + been + non verb
( pasti )
ÿ- It
is used to express a logical conclusion
in past.
Example :
a.
You must have left your book at home.
b.
They must have
been upset to look for us.
8. s + can’t + have + verb III
s + can’t + have + been + Non Verb
(
mustahil/tidak mungkin )
ÿ- It is used to express the opposite of conclusion in past.
Example
:
a.
I can’t have
left my book at home.
b.
She can’t have
been angry to you.
9. s
+ couldn’t + have + verb III
s
+ couldn’t + have + been + non verb
(
man mungkin lagi )
ÿ- It is used to express the unlikelikeness of idea in past.
Example
:
a.
we couldn’t have
waited for you longer.
b.
They couldn’t have
believed me.
c.
He couldn’t have
been angry to Susi.
III. Other
auxiliaries :
1.
need ( must ) ;
ÿ - in (-) and (?)
sentence.
Example :
a.
I needn’t
start yet, but you must start now.
b.
Need I fecth
her ?
2.
dare (brave) :
ÿ - in
(-) and (?) sentence.
Example
:
a.
I daren’t go
in the evening alone, but he is brave to go in the evening.
b.
Daren’t he
say such a bad word ?
3.
dare (think,
suppose) :
ÿ- in (+) statement.
Example :
a.
It is going to rain I dare say.
b.
Mary ? She is my friend I dare say.
4.
used to :
ÿ- in (-) and (?) sentence.
Example
:
a.
I didn’t used to
play kite when I was young.
b.
Does he used to
come to your house every week ?
c. Used he to come to your house every week ?
IV. Auxiliaries
are emphasize + not :
|
1.
( bisa tidak )
Example
:
a.
We are able not
to come to your house.
b.
She is able not
to be angry to face my traps.
|
2.
(
akan tidak )
Example
:
a.
We are about not
to go there.
b.
She is about not
to be angry with me.
|
3.
( boleh tidak/mungkin tidak)
Example
:
a.
We are allowed
not to join that game.
b.
They are allowed
not to be upset to answer our questions.
|
4.
( harus tidak/pasti tidak )
a.
They are
obligated not to join that meeting.
b.
He is obligated
not to be sad to hear that news.
I. Subjunctive Form (Expressing “wish” )
A. Expressing “wish” about present/future :
ÿ -It’s
used when the people wants the reality to be different, to be exactly the
opposite
of ( contrary ) to the true situation.
Example
:
a.
I don’t know how to dance.
b.
I wish I
knew how to dance.
a.
I have to work tonight.
b.
I wish (that
) I didn’t have to work tonight.
a.
I can’t speak English.
b. I wish
I could speak English.
Note :
“were” is used for all subject.
Example
:
a.
I am not home in bed.
b.
I wish I
were home in bed.
a.
It’t cold today.
b.
I wish it
weren’t cold today.
B. Expressing “wish” about past perfect :
ÿ
- It’s
used after “wish” when people to make wishes about past situation (
contrary-to-past situation ).
Example
:
a.
I didn’t study for the test.
b.
I wish (that)
I had studied for the test.
a.
I went to the meeting.
b.
I wish I
hadn’t gone to the meeting.
a.
I didn’t have enaugh money.
b.
I wish I had
had enaugh money.
II. Conditional Mood (Expressing “if”) :
ÿ- “If” is often used to talk
about that are contrary to the
fact. (Situations that are contrary to the true situations)
Compare :
1. True situation
2. Making a “wish”
3. Using “if”
Example :
a.
The weather isn’t nice today.
b.
I wish the
weather were nice today.
c.
If the
weather were nice today, I would/could go to the park.
A. Future Possible :
(
True situation in the present/future )
-
It’s used when the condition in the “if “ clause is possible for the
present.
1. If – clause :
simple present
2. Result – clause :
simple present future tense
Formulas :
|
Example :
a.
If I have
money, I will/can buy that book.
b.
I will/can buy that book if I have money.
B. Present Unreal :
(
Contrary- to- fact situation in the present / future)
-
It’s used when the condition in the “if” clause is impossible for the
present.
1. If – clause : simple present
2. Result – clause : simple past future tense
Formulas
:
|
Example
:
a.
If I had
money, I would/could buy that book.
b.
I would/could buy that book if I had money.
C. Past Unreal :
(
contrary-to-fact situation in the past )
-
It’s used when the condition in the “if” clause is possible for the past.
1. If – clause : Past Perfect
2. Result – Clause : Past
Future Perfect Tense
Formulas
:
|
Example :
a.
If I had had
money, I would have bought that
book.
b.
I would have
bought that book if I had had money.
Note
:
1. Would : - Expresses intended or desired result
2. Could : - Expresses possible option
Could : - The same with “would be able to”
Addition
:
-
some additional words used in this chapter :
1. as if : seolah-olah / seakan-akan
2. provided / providing : asalkan / asalkan
saja
3. unless : jika tidak / kecuali bukan
4. in case : kalau / jika
5. if only : sayangnya tidak / kecuali jika
6. suppose / supposing : sekiranya
7. but for : kalau tidak karena
8.
let say, let assume,
assuming : sekiranya, seandainya, taruklah
Example :
a.
But for you,
I won’t come to the party.
b.
In case I
study hard, I will be successful.
Wise
Words :
-
“Forbereance wins the grace of god”
-
“The wisdom will never fall in the same hole”
